GOVERNMENTS need to revamp lobbying rules to make them fit for the 21st century and reflect new realities, according to a new report by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) released on Thursday.

Lobbying rules need to reflect "rapid technological change, global competition for influence and calls for increased transparency, integrity, and access," states the OECD’s 'Lobbying in the 21st Century’ report which shows that countries have made strides in providing transparency, integrity and access, but at different speeds and in a continuously evolving lobbying landscape with new challenges.

While lobbying is an important part of the policy-making process, it remains, in many cases, too open to abuse, with grey areas, loopholes, revolving doors, and incomplete information and scrutiny, said the report.

Rules also need to evolve to take into account the evolution of technology and digitalisation as more take to social media to champion their cause. The Canadian Register of Lobbyists and the EU Transparency Register are the only frameworks requiring lobbyists to disclose information on the use of awareness-raising, grassroots, and social media campaigns as a lobbying tool.

Spending on lobbying is also highly concentrated among just a handful of industries. When vested interests dominate, lobbying can have a detrimental impact on competition, productivity, innovation and growth as well as fairness and trust in institutions.

The report finds that in most countries there is limited transparency on both the targets of lobbying activities across governments and who is conducting the lobbying. Less than half of OECD countries know who is lobbying their governments as the work is often done indirectly or by proxies.

Within the OECD, only Australia, Canada and the US, have rules on lobbying and influence in domestic affairs by foreign governments.

"More transparency is needed on who funds research, think tanks and grassroots organisations, as well as on the use of social media as a lobbying tool," it states.

While transparency of political finance is high, some grey areas remain, such as the funding of digital advertisements for political parties and candidates.

Governments must do more to ensure that public officials interact with lobbyists with impartiality and in the public interest, improving the integrity. A more comprehensive and clearer set of rules is needed for lobbyists and companies to ensure integrity in influencing public decisions.

More also needs to be done to include citizens and businesses in decision making. Stakeholder participation in the policy-making process has increased overall over the past decade, but more meaningful engagement, greater transparency and better communication are needed.